变态句型

非核心动词-用作句子核心外的其他成分

• 非谓语动词-描述作用
• 助动词-辅助作用
  • be 动词 -可以辅助非谓语动词作谓语：
    be + doing = 进行时态
    be + done = 被动语态, "my bike is broken (by my brother) -也可以被认为是过去分词done作表语的主系表结构"
    be + to do = 将来时态
    be + will do
    be + going to do
  • do、does、did -可以辅助谓语动词：
    用于疑问句：-do you love me? -how do you love me?
    用于否定句：I do not love you.
    用于强调句：I do love you.
  • have、has、had -辅助过去分词表示完成时态：
    have been|done
• 情态动词-表达说话者对动作或状态的态度、意图或可能性
  • will(would) -表示意图、愿望或将来时
    may(might) -表示允许或可能性
    can(could) -表示能力或可能性
    must, have to, had better, need -表示义务或必要性
    dare(dared), shall(should), ought to -表示建议或推荐
  • "Be going to": 强调说话者已经计划或打算要做某事，通常带有明确的意图或准备。用于基于当前证据或明显迹象的预测，通常是看到某些情况后推测会发生什么。
    "Will": 表示将来发生的事情，但不一定有明确的计划，可能是在说话时临时决定的。用于一般的预测或说话者对未来的看法，不一定有当前证据支持。

倒装句 -1）凸显想要强调的句子内容；2）平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻。

• 完全倒装-以动词为中心，动词前后换位置。
  1. 主谓宾不能完全倒装 --被动语态
  2. 主谓可以倒装但没必要
  3. 主谓状可以倒装而且常见
     On the wall rested the ends of a pole_{(主-主谓倒装)} from which pots were suspended when cooking. Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven_{(主-主系倒装)}. 做饭时，杆子的两个末端放置在墙上，锅被悬挂在杆子上(做饭时，锅被悬挂在两个末端放置在墙上的杆子上)
  4. 主系表可以完全倒装
     Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans_{(主-主语太复杂了，完全倒装)}.
     --核心动词"were"前面的部分不能作为主语，那一定是倒装了。
     Somewhat more promising have been _{(后面是主语)}recent experiments for_(介定) releasing water in_(介定) the soil above_()介定 the water table by_(介状) injecting compressed air into_(介状) the ground.
  5. 主系状可以倒装而且常见
     -I am from China.
     -So am I. -肯定用"so"
     -His brother is not a good-tempered boy.
     -nor is mine. -否定用"nor"
     -There is our team. -"there be"是典型的倒装句
     -Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.
• 部分倒装(局部倒装)：将需要倒装强调的内容提前，用情态动词、be动词或助动词隔开。
  1. only + 状语或状语从句置于居首，句子用部分倒装：
     Only in this way can you solve this problem.
     Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.
     【tertio】：为什么"only"放在句首要倒装？
     1.强调语法结构：有助于强调 "only" 后面的信息。例如：-"普通语序"：-He only saw her. - "部分倒装"：-Only did he see her. 在后者中，"did" 的使用强调了 "仅仅" 这层含义。
     2.句型结构：为了避免混淆或添加颈部，保持句子的完整性和流畅性。例如，使用 "Only by studying hard can you succeed." 这样的句子结构。-"普通语序": You can succeed only by studying hard.
     3.增强论据：使其在写作或演讲中显得更有说服力和权威。例如：-Only when it rains can we stay indoors.（只有下雨的时候我们才能待在室内。） -Only after dinner did they start the meeting.（只有吃完晚饭他们才开始会议。）
  2. 具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首，句子用部分倒装：
     No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
     Seldom do I go to work by bus.
     Not until twelve o'clock did she go to bed last night.
     Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and business people and bankers on the other.
  3. so|such ... that 结构中的"so"或"such"位于句首可以构成倒装，表示强调 so|such 和 that 之间的部分：
     had been nice yesterday, we would have gone then.
  4. 与将来事实不符：
     If our company would settle a branch abroad, we would start a different career there.
  5. 只要句子不产生歧义，都可以倒装：
     Had it been somewhat more massive, Jupiter might have attained internal temperatures as high as the ignition point for nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as a star in its own right.
     Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.
     Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.
  6. 倒装句表示虚拟语气：
     For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. "had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we," asked Horace in his epistle, "what work of ancient date would now exist"
     Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect –success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun –as an actor might.
  7. 能省略的都是在结构、成分和含义上有明确并列、对应和对比关系的：
     I am taller than you are.
     While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality—and few in rural areas were.
     Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.
     Hardy's weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.

虚拟语气 -用于强调与现实不符的纯粹假设

• 与现在事实不符-使用过去式来表达
  If I had time, I would help you.
  If I knew English, I should be able to read it.
  - "If I have time" 可能是有时间，也可能是没有时间。如果是"If I had time"那一定是没时间，就是委婉的拒绝别人。
• 与过去事实不符-使用过去完成时来表达
  If the weather had been nice yesterday, we would have gone then.
• 与将来事实不符-使用过去将来实现来表达
  If our company would settle a branch abroad, we would start a different career there.

【规律】在正常时态上叠加一个过去式。

虚拟语气的其他表达

• 倒装：
  Did I see your mould tell her everything.
  Were we calling your name, will you be there?
• 介词短语 "without" | "but for"
  Without computer, there would be no hi-tech industry at all.
  But for the new revolution, the country wouldn't develop this fast.
• "Were it no for" | "But that"
  Were it no for a railroad, we could not touch the world outside.
  But that he saw it, he would not believe it at all.

【要求】当虚拟语气的主语是人的时候(不管是第几人称还是单复数)，所有 be 动词都用 "were" -明确表达是一个虚拟语气。

感叹句

• 强调名词时使用 what 感叹；强调形容词或副词时使用 how 感叹；
• 将被强调的词提前，其他成分语序不变；
• 不必要内容可以省略；
• 强调名词时，修饰它的成分语序不变.
• 【示例】
  • -Today is a nice day. -What a nice day! -How nice a day!
  • -Today is a nice day. -What a nice day today is! -How nice a day today is!

定语从句的常见变数

• 限定性与非限定性定语从句：
  
  - 限定性定语从句约束主句，主句离不开它；
  
  - 非限定性定语从句本质上是插入语，对前文补充说明解释，不约束主句；由于非限定性定语从句常用于进行补充说明，所以它也可以 指代整个主句，而不光用于修饰前面的名词。
  • The travelers who knew about the floods took another road.
  • The travelers, who knew about the floods, took another road
  • This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.
  • Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involved the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant’s gazelles.
  • I had asked her to show me the new iPhone, which she did. He couldn't help laughing out loud in the class,which made his teacher so angry. When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all other things.
  • Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involved the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant’s gazelles.
• 定语从句引导词 "that" 和 "which" 的区别？
  • 定语从句引导词只能用 "that" 的情况:
    • 先行词为不定代词时，例如：all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one 等。
    • 先行词被 only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of 等词修饰时。
    • 先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。
    • 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
    • 被修饰词为数词时。
    • 主句是 There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句。
    • 被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that。
  • 定语从句引导词只能用 "which" 的情况:
    • 非限定性定语从句的引导词不能用 "that"
    • 当关系代词的前面有介词时
      Studies of the textures of inclusions reveal that the order in which the minerals appeared in the inclusions varies from inclusion to inclusion.
      The door of/to which you lost the key cannot be opened.
      Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management.
    • 定语从句引导词前面的介词，定语从句前的介词通常可以放置从句句尾，此时which可以省略：
      This is the lab you can take a laser test in.
      This is the lab in which you can take a laser test.